>>> 'hello' + 'there'
'hellothere'
>>> 5 * 'hello'
'hellohellohellohellohello'
>>> 'X' + (20 * ' ') + 'Y'
'X                    Y'
>>> 'hello'[1]
'e'
>>> 'hello'[4]
'o'
>>> 'hello'[5]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range
>>> 'hello world'[5]
' '
>>> (3 * 'hello' + ' ' + 'world')[2 * 7 - 5]
'o'
>>> "hello\n"[5]
'\n'
>>> len('hello')
5
>>> long_string = "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious"
>>> long_string[len(long_string) - 1]
's'
>>> long_string[-1]
's'
>>> long_string[-2]
'u'
>>> long_string[-100]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range
>>> long_string[5:10]
'calif'
>>> 'hello'[2:-1]
'll'
>>> 'hello'[2,-1]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: string indices must be integers
>>> 'hello'[2:5]
'llo'
>>> 'hello'[2:]   # start at index 2, and include everything to the end
'llo'
>>> 'hello'[:2]
'he'
>>> 'hello'[:]
'hello'
>>> 'hello'[0:2]
'he'
>>> 'hello'[2:5]
'llo'